English for everyone : English grammar guide

Includes glossary and index

Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 The Research Practice
What is Research?
Why do Research?
Over Relying on Authority
Over Relying on Tradition
Over Relying on Common Sense
Over Relying on the Media
Making Research Real 1.1-The Katrina Crime Wave That Wasn't
Who does Research?
What are the Different Types of Research?
Making Research Real 1.2-The Application' of Pure Research
Making Research Real 1.3-The Purification' of Applied Research
Where is Research Found?
Making Research Real 1.4-Meeting George Kelling
How is Research Used?
When is Research Important?
Best Practices Research
Research Funding Sources
Consulting Research
Final Thoughts
Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary)
Chapter Exercises
ch. 2 The Research Process
Making Research Real 2.1-The Closest Thing to Sherlock Holmes
Objectives of the Research Process
Steps of the Research Process
Step 1: Ask a Research Question
Note continued: Step 2: Conduct a Literature Review
Pyramiding Your Search for Literature
Deciding What to Use
Step 3: Refine the Research Question
Making Research Real 2.2-Becoming a Cop
Step 4: Define the Concepts
Making Research Real 2.3-Conceptualizing Juvenile Crime
Step 5: Create the Measures
Making Research Real 2.4-How Religious Are You?
Step 6: Design a Method
Find the Best Method
Develop a Sampling Strategy
Pretest Your Method
Making Research Real 2.5-When it All Fell Down for Professor Brown
Step 7: Collect the Data
Making Research Real 2.6-Professor, Come Get Me!
Step 8: Analyze the Data
Making Research Real 2.7-School Fight Experiment
Making Research Real 2.8-Perceptions of School Safety
Step 9: Interpret the Results
Step 10: Communicate the Findings
The Cyclical Nature of the Research Process
The Researcher Detective
Final Thoughts
Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary)
Note continued: Chapter Exercises
ch. 3 The Ethical Principles that Guide Researchers
Making Research Real 3.1-Please Help Our Son!
Principles of Ethical Research Practice
Principle 1: Do No Harm
Physical Harm
Psychological Harm
Legal Harm
Making Research Real 3.2-Who Knew?
Principle 2: Ensure Privacy
Confidentiality
Anonymity
Principle 3: Obtain Voluntary and Informed Consent
Principle 4: Get Permission
Principle 5: Avoid Sponsorship Bias and Suppression
Making Research Real 3.3-Daring D.A.R.E
Making Research Real 3.4-Liar, Lim; Pants on Fire
Principle 6: Prevent Misrepresentation
Research Fraud
Making Research Real 3.5-The MMR Vaccine/Autism Connection
Plagiarism
Deception
Making Research Real 3.6-It's Really Not Safe in that Neighborhood
Principle 7: Ensure the Safety of Researchers
Making Research Real 3.7-Harrowing Homelessness
Making Research Real 3.8-How About No!
Note continued: Minimizing Ethical Dilemmas
Legislation and Policy Oversight
Institutional Review Boards
Levels of IRB Review
Research in Universities and Beyond
Codes of Ethics
Making Research Real 3.9-Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences' Code of Ethics
Final Thoughts
Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary)
Chapter Exercises
ch. 4 Classifying Research
The Paradigms of Research
The Purposes of Research
The Time Dimensions of Research
Cross-sectional Research
Making Research Real 4.1-What Makes Police Officers Happy?
Longitudinal Research
Types of Longitudinal Research Designs
Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research
Making Research Real 4.2-Contrasting Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Methods of Reasoning
Making Research Real 4.3-Deductive Reasoning
Making Research Real 4.4-Inductive Reasoning
Unit of Analysis
Making Research Real 4.5-UCR vs. NCVS
Logical Errors
Final Thoughts
Note continued: Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary)
Chapter Exercises
ch. 5 Causality
Making Research Real 5.1-What Exactly Is the Cause of Crime?
Proving Causality
Temporal Order
Making Research Real 5.2-But Is It Racial Profiling?
Making Research Real 5.3-What (and When) Do Officers Know?
Correlation
Lack of Plausible Alternative Explanations
Making Research Real 5.4-What Is the Cause of Truancy?
Making Research Real 5.5-Using Prior Research to Eliminate Plausible Alternative Explanations
The Question of Spuriousness
Making Research Real 5.6-Can It Really Be Too Hot to Swim?
Final Thoughts
Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary)
Chapter Exercises
ch. 6 Measurement
Making Research Real 6.1-I Can't Measure It, but That Don't Mean It Ain't Real
Conceptualization and Operationalization
Making Research Real 6.2-What Is an Adult?
Making Research Real 6.3-Operationalizing Our Definitions of Adulthood
Note continued: Levels of Measurement
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio Measurement Levels
Making Research Real 6.4-Converting From a Higher to a Lower Level of Measurement
Making Research Real 6.5-Trying to Convert From a Lower to a Higher Level of Measurement
Discrete and Continuous Measurement Levels
Validity and Reliability
Making Research Real 6.6-Are Searches an Accurate Measure of Racial Bias?
Types of Validity
Assessing Reliability
Making Research Real 6.7-Testing the Personalities of Police Officer Applicants
Indexes, Scales, and Typologies
Making Research Real 6.8-How Crime-Ridden Is Your City?
Making Research Real 6.9-Sorting Inmates by Behavioral Categories
Indicators
Making Research Real 6.10-Van Halen and Brown M&Ms
Quantitative Versus Qualitative Measures
Making Research Real 6.11-A Framework for Understanding Poverty
Strategies for Improving Observation Skills
Final Thoughts
Note continued: Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary)
Chapter Exercises
ch. 7 Variables and the Structure of Research
Making Research Real 7.1-Aggravated Assaults in the Midwest
Types of Variables
Making Research Real 7.2-An Intervention to Reduce Traffic Fatalities Caused by Intoxicated Drivers
Variable Attributes
Exhaustiveness
Mutual Exclusivity
Making Research Real 7.3-Learning About Religious Preferences, With a Little Help From Our Friends
Elements of a Good Research Question
Making Research Real 7.4-Measuring Jesus
Hypotheses in Social Research
Making Research Real 7.5-Can't We Just Agree on the Question?
Alternative and Null Hypotheses
Making Research Real 7.6-Sherlock the Researcher
Hypotheses of Association and Difference
Final Thoughts
Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary)
Chapter Exercises
ch. 8 Sampling
Making Research Real 8.1-Low Morale at the Jail
Sampling Basics
Why Sample?
Note continued: Describing a Population or Sample
Sample Bias and Precision
Making Research Real 8.2-How Safe Is Your Hamburger?
Making Research Real 8.3-It's Just a Simple Telephone Survey
Making Research Real 8.4-Predicting the Outcome of the Public Safety Bond Election
Probability Sampling Techniques
Single Stage Probability Sampling
Multi-Stage Probability Sampling
Making Research Real 8.5-A Survey of Probationers
Making Research Real 8.6-Measuring Binge Drinking
Non-Probability Sampling Techniques
Making Research Real 8.7-What Is Life Like for an Undocumented Immigrant?
Making Research Real 8.8-The Prostitute Study
Making Research Real 8.9-What Happened to Sally. May?
Final Thoughts
Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary)
Chapter Exercises
ch. 9 Experimental Design Research Methods
Making Research Real 9.1-Would a Speed Trap Reduce Traffic Crash Fatalities?
Experimental Design Research Basics
Note continued: Types of Experimental Design Research Models
One Group No Pretest Experimental Design Model
One Group Pretest/Posttest Experimental Design Model
Two Group No Pretest Experimental Design Model
Two Group Pretest/Posttest Experimental Design Model
Solomon Four Group Experimental Design Model
Pre- and Quasi-Experimental Designs in Criminal Justice
Threats to Internal Validity in Experiments
Making Research Real 9.2-So Much for Community Relations
Making Research Real 9.3-Measuring the Effect of Pornography
Making Research Real 9.4-Measuring the Effect of Video Games
Making Research Real 9.5-Self-Esteem Among Child Abuse Victims
Threats to External Validity in Experiments
Making Research Real 9.6-Watching Out for Bullies
The Benefits and Limitations of Experimental Research
The Experimental Research Process
Note continued: Developing the Method 9.1-A Case Study in Experimental Research (The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment)
Ask a Research Question
Developing the Method 9.2-Asking a Research Question in Experimental Research
Conduct a Literature Review
Developing the Method 9.3-Conducting a Literature Review in Experimental Research
Refine the Research Question
Developing the Method 9.4-Refining the Research Question in Experimental Research
Define the Concepts and Create the Measures
Developing the Method 9.5-Conceptualization and Measurement in Experimental Research
Design a Method
Developing the Method 9.6-Designing Experimental Research
Collect the Data
Developing the Method 9.7-Collecting Data in Experimental Research
Analyze the Data and Interpret the Results
Developing the Method 9.8-Analyzing and Interpreting Data From Experimental Research
Communicate the Findings
Note continued: Developing the Method 9.9-Communicating the Findings From Experimental Research
Ask Another Research Question
Developing the Method 9.10-Asking Another Research Question in Experimental Research
Final Thoughts
Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary)
Chapter Exercises
ch. 10 Survey/Interview Research Methods
Making Research Real 10.1-Just Another Day at City Hall
Survey Research Basics
Types of Surveys
The Benefits and Limitations of Survey Research
Making Research Real 10.2-Neighborhood Crime Survey
Making Research Real 10.3-The Effect of Marriage on Criminal Behavior
The Survey Research Process
Developing the Method 10.1-A Case Study in Survey Research (The Uniform Crime Reports and National Crime Victimization Survey)
Ask a Research Question
Developing the Method 10.2-Asking a Research Question in Survey Research
Conduct a Literature Review
Note continued: Developing the Method 10.3-Conducting a Literature Review in Survey Research
Refine the Research Question
Developing the Method 10.4-Refining the Research Question in Survey Research
Define the Concepts and Create the Measures
Developing the Method 10.5-Defining Concepts and Creating Measures in Survey Research
Design a Method
Writing Survey and Interview Questions
The Mechanics of Survey Design
Survey Construction
Developing the Method 10.6-Designing a Method in Survey Research
Collect the Data
Developing the Method 10.7-Collecting Data in Survey Research
Analyze the Data
Developing the Method 10.8-Analyzing Data in Survey Research
Interpret the Results
Developing the Method 10.9-Interpreting the Results of Survey Research
Communicate the Findings
Developing the Method 10.10-Communicating the Findings from Survey Research
The Interview Research Process
Note continued: Developing the Method 10.11-A Case Study in Interview Research (Talking to the Enemy: Violent Extremism, Sacred Values, and What It Means To Be Human by Scott Atran)
Ask a Research Question
Developing the Method 10.12-Asking a Research Question in Interview Research
Conduct a Literature Review
Developing the Method 10.13-Conducting a Literature Review in Interview Research
Refine the Research Question
Developing the Method 10.14-Refining the Research Question in Interview Research
Define the Concepts and Create the Measures
Developing the Method 10.15-Defining Concepts and Creating Measures in Interview Research
Design a Method
Developing the Method 10.16-Designing a Method in Interview Research-Considering Respondents
Developing the Method 10.17-Designing a Method in Interview Research: Ethical Access
Collect the Data
Developing the Method 10.18-Collecting Data in Interview Research
Analyze the Data
Note continued: Developing the Method 10.19-Analyzing Data in Interview Research
Interpret the Results
Developing the Method 10.20-Interpreting the Results of Interview Research
Communicate the Findings
Developing the Method 10.21-Communicating the Findings from Interview Research
Final Thoughts
Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary)
Chapter Exercises
ch. 11 Non-Reactive Research Methods
Making Research Real 11.1-Who Buys Gasoline Here?
Non-Reactive Research Methods Basics
Types of Non-Reactive Methods
Field Research
Making Research Real 11.2-Field Research in Criminal Justice
Secondary Analysis
Making Research Real 11.3-Secondary Analysis in Criminal Justice
Content Analysis
Making Research Real 11.4-Content Analysis in Criminal Justice
The Benefits and Limitations of Non-Reactive Research Methods
The Non-Reactive Research Process-In General
Ask a Research Question
Conduct a Literature Review
Note continued: Refine the Research Question
Define the Concepts and Create the Measures
Design a Method
Collect the Data
Analyze the Data
Interpret the Results
Communicate the Findings
The Non-Reactive Research Process-Field Research
Developing the Method 11.1-A Case Study in Field Research (Systematic Observations of Neighborhood Order: Assessing the Methodology in Evaluating a Community-Based Initiative)
Ask a Research Question
Developing the Method 11.2-Asking a Research Question in Field Research
Conduct a Literature Review
Developing the Method 11.3-Conducting a Literature Review in Field Research
Refine the Research Question
Developing the Method 11.4-Refining the Research Question in Field Research
Define the Concepts and Create the Measures
Developing the Method 11.5-Defining Concepts and Creating Measures in Field Research
Design a Method
Developing the Method 11.6-Designing a Method in Field Research
Note continued: Collect the Data
Developing the Method 11.7-Collecting Data in Field Research
Analyze the Data
Developing the Method 11.8-Analyzing Data in Field Research
Interpret the Results
Developing the Method 11.9-Interpreting the Results in Field Research
Communicate the Findings
Developing the Method 11.10-Communicating the Results of Field Research
The Non-Reactive Research Process-Content Analysis
Developing the Method 11.11-A Case Study in Content Analysis Research (How Violent Video Games Communicate Violence: A Literature Review and Content Analysis of Moral Disengagement Factors)
Ask a Research Question
Developing the Method 11.12-Asking a Research Question in Content Analysis Research
Conduct a Literature Review
Developing the Method 11.13-Conducting a Literature Review in Content Analysis Research
Refine the Research Question
Note continued: Developing the Method 11.14-Refining the Research Question in Content Analysis Research
Define the Concepts and Create the Measures
Developing the Method 11.15-Defining Concepts and Creating Measures in Content Analysis Research
Design a Method
Developing the Method 11.16-Designing a Method in Content Analysis Research
Collect the Data
Developing the Method 11.17-Collecting Data in Content Analysis Research
Analyze the Data
Developing the Method 11.18-Analyzing Data in Content Analysis Research
Interpret the Results
Developing the Method 11.19-Interpreting the Results in Content Analysis Research
Communicate the Findings
Developing the Method 11.20-Communicating the Results of Content Analysis
Final Thoughts
Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary)
Chapter Exercises
ch. 12 Qualitative Research Methods
Making Research Real 12.1-Learning from My Students
Qualitative Research Basics
Note continued: Types of Qualitative Methods
Case Study
Making Research Real 12.2-The Case Study: What Is a Jack-Roller?
Ethnography
Making Research Real 12.3-An Ethnography Does Not Have to Be 'Ethnic'
Grounded Theory
Making Research Real 12.4-Grounded Theory Research: What Bothers the Homicide Detectives?
Focus Group
Making Research Real 12.5-The Focus Group-Changing Public Attitudes Toward the Criminal Justice System
Benefits and Limitations of Qualitative Research
The Qualitative Research Process-In General
Ask a Research Question
Conduct a Literature Review
Refine the Research Question
Define the Concepts and Create the Measures
Design a Method
Case Study Research
Ethnographic Research
Grounded Theory Research
Focus Group Research
Collect and Analyze the Data
Interpret the Results
Communicate the Findings
The Qualitative Research Process-The Case Study
Note continued: Developing the Method 12.1-A Case Study in Case Study Research (The Hosam Smadi Case:An Example of Success)
Ask a Research Question
Developing the Method 12.2-Asking a Research Question in Case Study Research
Conduct a Literature Review
Developing the Method 12.3-Conducting a Literature Review in Case Study Research
Refine the Research Question
Developing the Method 12.4-Refining the Research Question in Case Study Research
Define the Concepts and Create the Measures
Developing the Method 12.5-Defining Concepts and Creating Measures in Case Study Research
Design a Method
Developing the Method 12.6-Designing a Method in Case Study Research
Collect and Analyze the Data
Developing the Method 12.7-Collecting and Analyzing Data in Case Study Research
Interpret the Results
Developing the Method 12.8-Interpreting the Results in Case Study Research
Communicate the Findings
Note continued: Developing the Method 12.9-Communicating the Results of Case Study Research
The Qualitative Research Process-The Focus Group
Developing the Method 12.10-A Case Study in Focus Group Research (Factors that Influence Perceptions of Racial Profiling During Police/Motorist Interactions)
Ask a Research Question
Developing the Method 12.11-Asking a Research Question in Focus Group Research
Conduct a Literature Review
Developing the Method 12.12-Conducting a Literature Review in Focus Group Research
Refine the Research Question
Developing the Method 12.13-Refining the Research Question in Focus Group Research
Define the Concepts and Create the Measures
Developing the Method 12.14-Defining Concepts and Creating Measures in Focus Group Research
Design a Method
Developing the Method 12.15-Designing a Method in Focus Group Research
Collect and Analyze the Data
Note continued: Developing the Method 12.16-Collecting and Analyzing Data in Focus Group Research
Interpret the Results
Developing the Method 12.17-Interpreting the Results in Focus Group Research
Communicate the Findings
Developing the Method 12.18-Communicating the Results of Focus Group Research
Final Thoughts
Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary)
Chapter Exercises
ch. 13 Evaluation Research Methods
Making Research Real 13.1-These Warrants Are Driving Me Crazy!
Evaluation Research Basics
Types of Evaluation Research
Making Research Real 13.2-Assessing Megan's Law
Benefits and Limitations of Evaluation Research
Making Research Real 13.3-Let's Just Don't Go Down There Anymore
The Evaluation Research Process
Developing the Method 13.1-A Case Study in Evaluation Research (The Police Protective Custody Process)
Ask a Research Question
Developing the Method 13.2-Asking a Research Question in Evaluation Research
Note continued: Conduct a Literature Review
Developing the Method 13.3-Conducting a Literature Review in Evaluation Research
Refine the Research Question
Developing the Method 13.4-Refining the Research Question in Evaluation Research
Define the Concepts and Create the Measures
Developing the Method 13.5-Defining Concepts and Creating Measures in Evaluation Research
Design a Method
Developing the Method 13.6-Designing a Method in Evaluation Research
Collect the Data
Developing the Method 13.7-Collecting Data in Evaluation Research
Analyze the Data and Interpret the Results
Developing the Method 13.8-Analyzing Data and Interpreting Results in Evaluation Research
Communicate the Findings
Developing the Method 13.9-Communicating the Findings from Evaluation Research
Final Thoughts
Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary)
Chapter Exercises
ch. 14 Data and Information Analysis
Note continued: Making Research Real 14.1-Anticipating Analysis
Quantitative Data Analysis
Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency
Variability
The Normal Distribution
Making Research Real 14.2-How Intelligent Are the Inmates in Our System?
Inferential Statistics
Statistical Significance
t-tests
Making Research Real 14.3-Improving the Self-Esteem of Juvenile Offenders-Part I
Analysis of Variance
Making Research Real 14.3-Improving the Self-Esteem of Juvenile Offenders-Part II
Chi Square (X2)
Making Research Real 14.5-Profiling at the Airport
Pearson r
Making Research Real 14.6-Keeping Kids Involved-Part I
Spearman Rho
Multiple Regression
Making Research Real 14.7-Keeping Kids Involved- Part II
Selecting an Appropriate Inferential Statistical Technique
Qualitative Data Analysis
Making Research Real 14.8-It Wasn't What He Said; It Was How He Said It!
Transcription
Note continued: Making Research Real 14.9-Are Police Interviewers' Notes Accurate and Complete?
Memoing
Segmenting
Making Research Real 14.10-A Typology of Violence
Coding
Diagramming
Making Research Real 14.11-Why Did I Get Stopped?
Matrices
Final Thoughts
Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary)
Chapter Exercises

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