TY - BOOK TI - English for everyone: English grammar guide SN - 978-0-2412-4236-0 AV - PE 1112 E54 2016 SHS PY - 2016/// CY - London PB - Penguin Random House KW - ENGLISH LANGUAGE -- GRAMMAR KW - ENGLISH LANGUAGE -- TEXTBOOKS FOR FOREIGN SPEAKERS KW - ENGLISH LANGUAGE -- GRAMMAR -- SELF-INSTRUCTION KW - READERS FOR NEW LITERATES N1 - Includes glossary and index; Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 The Research Practice What is Research? Why do Research? Over Relying on Authority Over Relying on Tradition Over Relying on Common Sense Over Relying on the Media Making Research Real 1.1-The Katrina Crime Wave That Wasn't Who does Research? What are the Different Types of Research? Making Research Real 1.2-The Application' of Pure Research Making Research Real 1.3-The Purification' of Applied Research Where is Research Found? Making Research Real 1.4-Meeting George Kelling How is Research Used? When is Research Important? Best Practices Research Research Funding Sources Consulting Research Final Thoughts Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary) Chapter Exercises ch. 2 The Research Process Making Research Real 2.1-The Closest Thing to Sherlock Holmes Objectives of the Research Process Steps of the Research Process Step 1: Ask a Research Question Note continued: Step 2: Conduct a Literature Review Pyramiding Your Search for Literature Deciding What to Use Step 3: Refine the Research Question Making Research Real 2.2-Becoming a Cop Step 4: Define the Concepts Making Research Real 2.3-Conceptualizing Juvenile Crime Step 5: Create the Measures Making Research Real 2.4-How Religious Are You? Step 6: Design a Method Find the Best Method Develop a Sampling Strategy Pretest Your Method Making Research Real 2.5-When it All Fell Down for Professor Brown Step 7: Collect the Data Making Research Real 2.6-Professor, Come Get Me! Step 8: Analyze the Data Making Research Real 2.7-School Fight Experiment Making Research Real 2.8-Perceptions of School Safety Step 9: Interpret the Results Step 10: Communicate the Findings The Cyclical Nature of the Research Process The Researcher Detective Final Thoughts Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary) Note continued: Chapter Exercises ch. 3 The Ethical Principles that Guide Researchers Making Research Real 3.1-Please Help Our Son! Principles of Ethical Research Practice Principle 1: Do No Harm Physical Harm Psychological Harm Legal Harm Making Research Real 3.2-Who Knew? Principle 2: Ensure Privacy Confidentiality Anonymity Principle 3: Obtain Voluntary and Informed Consent Principle 4: Get Permission Principle 5: Avoid Sponsorship Bias and Suppression Making Research Real 3.3-Daring D.A.R.E Making Research Real 3.4-Liar, Lim; Pants on Fire Principle 6: Prevent Misrepresentation Research Fraud Making Research Real 3.5-The MMR Vaccine/Autism Connection Plagiarism Deception Making Research Real 3.6-It's Really Not Safe in that Neighborhood Principle 7: Ensure the Safety of Researchers Making Research Real 3.7-Harrowing Homelessness Making Research Real 3.8-How About No! Note continued: Minimizing Ethical Dilemmas Legislation and Policy Oversight Institutional Review Boards Levels of IRB Review Research in Universities and Beyond Codes of Ethics Making Research Real 3.9-Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences' Code of Ethics Final Thoughts Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary) Chapter Exercises ch. 4 Classifying Research The Paradigms of Research The Purposes of Research The Time Dimensions of Research Cross-sectional Research Making Research Real 4.1-What Makes Police Officers Happy? Longitudinal Research Types of Longitudinal Research Designs Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research Making Research Real 4.2-Contrasting Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods of Reasoning Making Research Real 4.3-Deductive Reasoning Making Research Real 4.4-Inductive Reasoning Unit of Analysis Making Research Real 4.5-UCR vs. NCVS Logical Errors Final Thoughts Note continued: Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary) Chapter Exercises ch. 5 Causality Making Research Real 5.1-What Exactly Is the Cause of Crime? Proving Causality Temporal Order Making Research Real 5.2-But Is It Racial Profiling? Making Research Real 5.3-What (and When) Do Officers Know? Correlation Lack of Plausible Alternative Explanations Making Research Real 5.4-What Is the Cause of Truancy? Making Research Real 5.5-Using Prior Research to Eliminate Plausible Alternative Explanations The Question of Spuriousness Making Research Real 5.6-Can It Really Be Too Hot to Swim? Final Thoughts Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary) Chapter Exercises ch. 6 Measurement Making Research Real 6.1-I Can't Measure It, but That Don't Mean It Ain't Real Conceptualization and Operationalization Making Research Real 6.2-What Is an Adult? Making Research Real 6.3-Operationalizing Our Definitions of Adulthood Note continued: Levels of Measurement Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio Measurement Levels Making Research Real 6.4-Converting From a Higher to a Lower Level of Measurement Making Research Real 6.5-Trying to Convert From a Lower to a Higher Level of Measurement Discrete and Continuous Measurement Levels Validity and Reliability Making Research Real 6.6-Are Searches an Accurate Measure of Racial Bias? Types of Validity Assessing Reliability Making Research Real 6.7-Testing the Personalities of Police Officer Applicants Indexes, Scales, and Typologies Making Research Real 6.8-How Crime-Ridden Is Your City? Making Research Real 6.9-Sorting Inmates by Behavioral Categories Indicators Making Research Real 6.10-Van Halen and Brown M&Ms Quantitative Versus Qualitative Measures Making Research Real 6.11-A Framework for Understanding Poverty Strategies for Improving Observation Skills Final Thoughts Note continued: Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary) Chapter Exercises ch. 7 Variables and the Structure of Research Making Research Real 7.1-Aggravated Assaults in the Midwest Types of Variables Making Research Real 7.2-An Intervention to Reduce Traffic Fatalities Caused by Intoxicated Drivers Variable Attributes Exhaustiveness Mutual Exclusivity Making Research Real 7.3-Learning About Religious Preferences, With a Little Help From Our Friends Elements of a Good Research Question Making Research Real 7.4-Measuring Jesus Hypotheses in Social Research Making Research Real 7.5-Can't We Just Agree on the Question? Alternative and Null Hypotheses Making Research Real 7.6-Sherlock the Researcher Hypotheses of Association and Difference Final Thoughts Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary) Chapter Exercises ch. 8 Sampling Making Research Real 8.1-Low Morale at the Jail Sampling Basics Why Sample? Note continued: Describing a Population or Sample Sample Bias and Precision Making Research Real 8.2-How Safe Is Your Hamburger? Making Research Real 8.3-It's Just a Simple Telephone Survey Making Research Real 8.4-Predicting the Outcome of the Public Safety Bond Election Probability Sampling Techniques Single Stage Probability Sampling Multi-Stage Probability Sampling Making Research Real 8.5-A Survey of Probationers Making Research Real 8.6-Measuring Binge Drinking Non-Probability Sampling Techniques Making Research Real 8.7-What Is Life Like for an Undocumented Immigrant? Making Research Real 8.8-The Prostitute Study Making Research Real 8.9-What Happened to Sally. May? Final Thoughts Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary) Chapter Exercises ch. 9 Experimental Design Research Methods Making Research Real 9.1-Would a Speed Trap Reduce Traffic Crash Fatalities? Experimental Design Research Basics Note continued: Types of Experimental Design Research Models One Group No Pretest Experimental Design Model One Group Pretest/Posttest Experimental Design Model Two Group No Pretest Experimental Design Model Two Group Pretest/Posttest Experimental Design Model Solomon Four Group Experimental Design Model Pre- and Quasi-Experimental Designs in Criminal Justice Threats to Internal Validity in Experiments Making Research Real 9.2-So Much for Community Relations Making Research Real 9.3-Measuring the Effect of Pornography Making Research Real 9.4-Measuring the Effect of Video Games Making Research Real 9.5-Self-Esteem Among Child Abuse Victims Threats to External Validity in Experiments Making Research Real 9.6-Watching Out for Bullies The Benefits and Limitations of Experimental Research The Experimental Research Process Note continued: Developing the Method 9.1-A Case Study in Experimental Research (The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment) Ask a Research Question Developing the Method 9.2-Asking a Research Question in Experimental Research Conduct a Literature Review Developing the Method 9.3-Conducting a Literature Review in Experimental Research Refine the Research Question Developing the Method 9.4-Refining the Research Question in Experimental Research Define the Concepts and Create the Measures Developing the Method 9.5-Conceptualization and Measurement in Experimental Research Design a Method Developing the Method 9.6-Designing Experimental Research Collect the Data Developing the Method 9.7-Collecting Data in Experimental Research Analyze the Data and Interpret the Results Developing the Method 9.8-Analyzing and Interpreting Data From Experimental Research Communicate the Findings Note continued: Developing the Method 9.9-Communicating the Findings From Experimental Research Ask Another Research Question Developing the Method 9.10-Asking Another Research Question in Experimental Research Final Thoughts Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary) Chapter Exercises ch. 10 Survey/Interview Research Methods Making Research Real 10.1-Just Another Day at City Hall Survey Research Basics Types of Surveys The Benefits and Limitations of Survey Research Making Research Real 10.2-Neighborhood Crime Survey Making Research Real 10.3-The Effect of Marriage on Criminal Behavior The Survey Research Process Developing the Method 10.1-A Case Study in Survey Research (The Uniform Crime Reports and National Crime Victimization Survey) Ask a Research Question Developing the Method 10.2-Asking a Research Question in Survey Research Conduct a Literature Review Note continued: Developing the Method 10.3-Conducting a Literature Review in Survey Research Refine the Research Question Developing the Method 10.4-Refining the Research Question in Survey Research Define the Concepts and Create the Measures Developing the Method 10.5-Defining Concepts and Creating Measures in Survey Research Design a Method Writing Survey and Interview Questions The Mechanics of Survey Design Survey Construction Developing the Method 10.6-Designing a Method in Survey Research Collect the Data Developing the Method 10.7-Collecting Data in Survey Research Analyze the Data Developing the Method 10.8-Analyzing Data in Survey Research Interpret the Results Developing the Method 10.9-Interpreting the Results of Survey Research Communicate the Findings Developing the Method 10.10-Communicating the Findings from Survey Research The Interview Research Process Note continued: Developing the Method 10.11-A Case Study in Interview Research (Talking to the Enemy: Violent Extremism, Sacred Values, and What It Means To Be Human by Scott Atran) Ask a Research Question Developing the Method 10.12-Asking a Research Question in Interview Research Conduct a Literature Review Developing the Method 10.13-Conducting a Literature Review in Interview Research Refine the Research Question Developing the Method 10.14-Refining the Research Question in Interview Research Define the Concepts and Create the Measures Developing the Method 10.15-Defining Concepts and Creating Measures in Interview Research Design a Method Developing the Method 10.16-Designing a Method in Interview Research-Considering Respondents Developing the Method 10.17-Designing a Method in Interview Research: Ethical Access Collect the Data Developing the Method 10.18-Collecting Data in Interview Research Analyze the Data Note continued: Developing the Method 10.19-Analyzing Data in Interview Research Interpret the Results Developing the Method 10.20-Interpreting the Results of Interview Research Communicate the Findings Developing the Method 10.21-Communicating the Findings from Interview Research Final Thoughts Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary) Chapter Exercises ch. 11 Non-Reactive Research Methods Making Research Real 11.1-Who Buys Gasoline Here? Non-Reactive Research Methods Basics Types of Non-Reactive Methods Field Research Making Research Real 11.2-Field Research in Criminal Justice Secondary Analysis Making Research Real 11.3-Secondary Analysis in Criminal Justice Content Analysis Making Research Real 11.4-Content Analysis in Criminal Justice The Benefits and Limitations of Non-Reactive Research Methods The Non-Reactive Research Process-In General Ask a Research Question Conduct a Literature Review Note continued: Refine the Research Question Define the Concepts and Create the Measures Design a Method Collect the Data Analyze the Data Interpret the Results Communicate the Findings The Non-Reactive Research Process-Field Research Developing the Method 11.1-A Case Study in Field Research (Systematic Observations of Neighborhood Order: Assessing the Methodology in Evaluating a Community-Based Initiative) Ask a Research Question Developing the Method 11.2-Asking a Research Question in Field Research Conduct a Literature Review Developing the Method 11.3-Conducting a Literature Review in Field Research Refine the Research Question Developing the Method 11.4-Refining the Research Question in Field Research Define the Concepts and Create the Measures Developing the Method 11.5-Defining Concepts and Creating Measures in Field Research Design a Method Developing the Method 11.6-Designing a Method in Field Research Note continued: Collect the Data Developing the Method 11.7-Collecting Data in Field Research Analyze the Data Developing the Method 11.8-Analyzing Data in Field Research Interpret the Results Developing the Method 11.9-Interpreting the Results in Field Research Communicate the Findings Developing the Method 11.10-Communicating the Results of Field Research The Non-Reactive Research Process-Content Analysis Developing the Method 11.11-A Case Study in Content Analysis Research (How Violent Video Games Communicate Violence: A Literature Review and Content Analysis of Moral Disengagement Factors) Ask a Research Question Developing the Method 11.12-Asking a Research Question in Content Analysis Research Conduct a Literature Review Developing the Method 11.13-Conducting a Literature Review in Content Analysis Research Refine the Research Question Note continued: Developing the Method 11.14-Refining the Research Question in Content Analysis Research Define the Concepts and Create the Measures Developing the Method 11.15-Defining Concepts and Creating Measures in Content Analysis Research Design a Method Developing the Method 11.16-Designing a Method in Content Analysis Research Collect the Data Developing the Method 11.17-Collecting Data in Content Analysis Research Analyze the Data Developing the Method 11.18-Analyzing Data in Content Analysis Research Interpret the Results Developing the Method 11.19-Interpreting the Results in Content Analysis Research Communicate the Findings Developing the Method 11.20-Communicating the Results of Content Analysis Final Thoughts Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary) Chapter Exercises ch. 12 Qualitative Research Methods Making Research Real 12.1-Learning from My Students Qualitative Research Basics Note continued: Types of Qualitative Methods Case Study Making Research Real 12.2-The Case Study: What Is a Jack-Roller? Ethnography Making Research Real 12.3-An Ethnography Does Not Have to Be 'Ethnic' Grounded Theory Making Research Real 12.4-Grounded Theory Research: What Bothers the Homicide Detectives? Focus Group Making Research Real 12.5-The Focus Group-Changing Public Attitudes Toward the Criminal Justice System Benefits and Limitations of Qualitative Research The Qualitative Research Process-In General Ask a Research Question Conduct a Literature Review Refine the Research Question Define the Concepts and Create the Measures Design a Method Case Study Research Ethnographic Research Grounded Theory Research Focus Group Research Collect and Analyze the Data Interpret the Results Communicate the Findings The Qualitative Research Process-The Case Study Note continued: Developing the Method 12.1-A Case Study in Case Study Research (The Hosam Smadi Case:An Example of Success) Ask a Research Question Developing the Method 12.2-Asking a Research Question in Case Study Research Conduct a Literature Review Developing the Method 12.3-Conducting a Literature Review in Case Study Research Refine the Research Question Developing the Method 12.4-Refining the Research Question in Case Study Research Define the Concepts and Create the Measures Developing the Method 12.5-Defining Concepts and Creating Measures in Case Study Research Design a Method Developing the Method 12.6-Designing a Method in Case Study Research Collect and Analyze the Data Developing the Method 12.7-Collecting and Analyzing Data in Case Study Research Interpret the Results Developing the Method 12.8-Interpreting the Results in Case Study Research Communicate the Findings Note continued: Developing the Method 12.9-Communicating the Results of Case Study Research The Qualitative Research Process-The Focus Group Developing the Method 12.10-A Case Study in Focus Group Research (Factors that Influence Perceptions of Racial Profiling During Police/Motorist Interactions) Ask a Research Question Developing the Method 12.11-Asking a Research Question in Focus Group Research Conduct a Literature Review Developing the Method 12.12-Conducting a Literature Review in Focus Group Research Refine the Research Question Developing the Method 12.13-Refining the Research Question in Focus Group Research Define the Concepts and Create the Measures Developing the Method 12.14-Defining Concepts and Creating Measures in Focus Group Research Design a Method Developing the Method 12.15-Designing a Method in Focus Group Research Collect and Analyze the Data Note continued: Developing the Method 12.16-Collecting and Analyzing Data in Focus Group Research Interpret the Results Developing the Method 12.17-Interpreting the Results in Focus Group Research Communicate the Findings Developing the Method 12.18-Communicating the Results of Focus Group Research Final Thoughts Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary) Chapter Exercises ch. 13 Evaluation Research Methods Making Research Real 13.1-These Warrants Are Driving Me Crazy! Evaluation Research Basics Types of Evaluation Research Making Research Real 13.2-Assessing Megan's Law Benefits and Limitations of Evaluation Research Making Research Real 13.3-Let's Just Don't Go Down There Anymore The Evaluation Research Process Developing the Method 13.1-A Case Study in Evaluation Research (The Police Protective Custody Process) Ask a Research Question Developing the Method 13.2-Asking a Research Question in Evaluation Research Note continued: Conduct a Literature Review Developing the Method 13.3-Conducting a Literature Review in Evaluation Research Refine the Research Question Developing the Method 13.4-Refining the Research Question in Evaluation Research Define the Concepts and Create the Measures Developing the Method 13.5-Defining Concepts and Creating Measures in Evaluation Research Design a Method Developing the Method 13.6-Designing a Method in Evaluation Research Collect the Data Developing the Method 13.7-Collecting Data in Evaluation Research Analyze the Data and Interpret the Results Developing the Method 13.8-Analyzing Data and Interpreting Results in Evaluation Research Communicate the Findings Developing the Method 13.9-Communicating the Findings from Evaluation Research Final Thoughts Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary) Chapter Exercises ch. 14 Data and Information Analysis Note continued: Making Research Real 14.1-Anticipating Analysis Quantitative Data Analysis Descriptive Statistics Measures of Central Tendency Variability The Normal Distribution Making Research Real 14.2-How Intelligent Are the Inmates in Our System? Inferential Statistics Statistical Significance t-tests Making Research Real 14.3-Improving the Self-Esteem of Juvenile Offenders-Part I Analysis of Variance Making Research Real 14.3-Improving the Self-Esteem of Juvenile Offenders-Part II Chi Square (X2) Making Research Real 14.5-Profiling at the Airport Pearson r Making Research Real 14.6-Keeping Kids Involved-Part I Spearman Rho Multiple Regression Making Research Real 14.7-Keeping Kids Involved- Part II Selecting an Appropriate Inferential Statistical Technique Qualitative Data Analysis Making Research Real 14.8-It Wasn't What He Said; It Was How He Said It! Transcription Note continued: Making Research Real 14.9-Are Police Interviewers' Notes Accurate and Complete? Memoing Segmenting Making Research Real 14.10-A Typology of Violence Coding Diagramming Making Research Real 14.11-Why Did I Get Stopped? Matrices Final Thoughts Getting to the Point (Chapter Summary) Chapter Exercises N2 - A comprehensive visual guide to English grammar with clear, simple explanations that are ideal for learners of all levels ER -